Health Status Impact Of Income Health And Social Care Essay

The economic inquiries of my documents as a group involve the insouciant consequence of income ( or state ‘s income ) on wellness position of persons. The policy relevancy of these inquiries suggests that, if truly income affects wellness position, so the authorities should use income and wellness policies that are designed to back up individuals with low income which in bend alleviates the effects of low income ; hapless wellness position being a cardinal effect in this paper. The execution of such policies will enable low income individuals gain entree to wellness attention services. Possible policies include income policies such as employment insurance – that offers impermanent fiscal aid to those that are unemployed while they look for work, public assistance aid – that offers fiscal assistance to those in demand of basic necessities every bit good as wellness policy, exactly public wellness insurance such as Medicaid – for low income and destitute peop le. In this paper, I will be turn toing two major inquiries. The initial inquiry that I will turn to in this research is, â€Å" the consequence of high income and low income on the wellness position of persons severally † . It will help to verify whether individuals with really low income are at higher hazard of sing deteriorating wellness and frailty versa. The following inquiry to be addressed is the way of causality between income and wellness – income to wellness position or wellness position to income degree? This paper is structured as follows: Section two reviews the article â€Å" The Casual Effect of Income on Health: Evidence from Germany Reunification † by Paul Frijters et al. The writers used a big scale natural experiment created by the â€Å" falling of the Berlin Wall † and the attendant reunion of Germany to analyze the insouciant consequence of income alterations on the wellness satisfaction of East and West Germans. The 3rd subdivision looks at the findings from the article, â€Å" Estimating the Effect of Income on Health and Mortality Using Lottery Prizes as an Exogenous Source of Variation in Income † by Mikael Lindahl. This article builds on the huge literature that has established a strong positive relation between income and wellness position and a negative relation with mortality. The 4th subdivision reviews the article, â€Å" Does Money Protect Health Status? Evidence from South African Pensions † by Anne Case. The writer uses pension income as an instrument to analyze the relationship between income and wellness. The 5th subdivision reviews the article by Jerome Adda et Al titled, â€Å" The Impact of Income Shocks on Health: Evidence from Cohort Data. The writer surveies the consequence of income dazes on wellness for a prime-aged population. Section six examines the findings from the article, â€Å" Wealthier is Healthier † by Lant Prichett and Lawrence H. Summers. The writers estimated the effects of income utilizing cross-country, time-series informations on wellness and income per capital. The concluding subdivision of this paper provides a sum-up of the decisions from the articles mentioned above every bit good as unreciprocated inquiries and suggestions for future research. The major countries of treatment will come from the data point, natural experiments and econometric theoretical accounts that these articles use in order to reply inquiries about the impact of income on wellness. Furthermore, the strengths and failings of each article would be presented in each subdivision ; subdivision two to subdivision six. Section 2: Frijters, P. , Haisken-DeNew, J.P. , & A ; Shields, M.A. 2005, September. â€Å" The Casual Consequence of Income on Health: Evidence from Germany Reunification. † Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 24, no. 5: 997-1017. This article investigates the causal consequence of income alterations on the wellness satisfaction of East and West Germans in the old ages following reunion. The policy relevancy in this article affirms that understanding the causal pathways between income and wellness is critical for policy design aimed at bettering general wellness or contracting wellness inequalities in society ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The cardinal literature on which this article builds is the literature that has attempted to set up the insouciant consequence of income on wellness utilizing both cross-sectional and longitudinal study informations. The cardinal findings in this literature are that there is a weak nexus between wealth, income and wellness ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The writers used a big scale natural experiment created by the â€Å" falling of the Berlin Wall † and the attendant reunion of Germany in 1990, in order to better set up the causal consequence of income changed on wellness satisfaction ( Frijters, 2005 ) . It was widely acknowledged that the falling of the Berlin Wall was wholly unexpected by the huge bulk of East and West Germans, and resulted to a big income transportations to virtually all of the population of East Germany ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The information beginning used by the writers is the German Socio-Economic Panel ( GSOEP ) between 1984 and 2002 which contains the GSOEP for East Germans and West Germans from 1990 to 2002 and 1984 to 2002 severally. The GSOEP sampled persons, aged 18 and over ; this sample consisted of 46,953 individuals per twelvemonth observations ( 22,641 males ; 24, 492 females ) on 6198 East Germans and 176,770 individuals per twelvemonth observations ( 86,773 males ; 24,492 females ) on 20,617 West Germans ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The methods of analysis used are fixed-effects ordinal calculator – to command for unseen single heterogeneousness that might find both income and wellness satisfaction ; and causal decomposition technique to account for panel abrasion that allows for the designation of alterations as respondents drop out of the sample and new respondents enter the sample ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The equation used in the fixed-effects ordered logit theoretical account is as follows: H*it = Xi, tI? + I?t + fi + I µit Hit = k i H*it I µ [ I?k, I?k+1 ] where H*it is the latent wellness satisfaction ; Hit is the ascertained wellness satisfaction ; Xit is the discernible time-varying features ; I?k denotes the kth cut-off point for the classs ; I?t represents the unseen time-varying general fortunes ; fi is an single fixed features ; and I µit is the error term that is extraneous to all features. In the econometric model, the endogenous variable, H I µ { 0, †¦ 10 } , represents an ordinal index of wellness satisfaction as evaluated by the person. This step is available for a set of persons indexed by I, where I is a figure from 1 to 10 ; each figure is observed over some immediate subset of old ages indexed T, where T = 1, †¦ ..T ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The drawback of this theoretical account is that it uses a little sum of the entire information available in the sample because the theoretical account reduces all the ordinal wellness satisfaction observations to ( 0, 1 ) . The importance of this theoretical account is tha t it attempts to explicate in which old ages an person had a comparatively high wellness satisfaction position. A positive consequence of income would so intend that persons ‘ comparatively fitter periods occur when their incomes are comparatively high ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The causal decomposition theoretical account decomposes the alterations in the expected latent wellness satisfaction for males and females individually in the post-reunification period and besides in the pre-unification period for West Germans utilizing the estimations from the fixed-effects theoretical accounts. The entire alterations in latent wellness satisfaction was decomposed into alterations in: existent household income, job-related variables such as pregnancy leave, unemployed and unemployed, household related variables such as matrimonial position, family wellness related variables such as decease of partner, unseen single effects distribution and the unseen mean variables such as clip parametric quantities ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The major consequence from this probe is that increased income leads to better wellness satisfaction, but the quantitative size of this consequence is really little when alterations in current income and a step of lasting income are used ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The policy deduction of these consequences is that addition in household income improved wellness satisfaction. The strength in this article comes from the panel informations that is used ; the GSOEP covers a big sample of persons and it is a longitudinal/panel information since it compares single differences over clip which in bend strengthens the external cogency of this survey. A longitudinal information is utile in foretelling long-run or cumulative effects which are usually difficult to analyse in a cross-sectional survey. In add-on, the sample is taken over a long clip period – 19 twelvemonth period which increases external cogency. Besides, the methods of analysis used are really comprehensive which makes it one of the strengths ; the writer makes usage of the fixed-effects ordinal calculator to command for unseen single heterogeneousness and causal decomposition technique to account for panel. Persons in the survey were besides categorized based on socio-demographic features. Another strength identified is within the external cogency of the survey since the writer examines a alo ne period – Germany reunion. The Germany reunion was an ideal scene to detect the consequence of income on wellness satisfaction since this action was wholly unanticipated by the Germans. Strengths were besides found within the internal cogency of the survey because this survey entails an first-class natural experiment, hence there were no prejudices in the manner people behaved. Failings, on the other manus come from the self-reported wellness positions which might make prejudice since it would be hard to deny or corroborate many claims. Last, the consequences of this survey can non be applied to other states or metropoliss since the survey was done on a alone period in Germany. Section 3: Lindahl, M. 2005. â€Å" Estimating the Effect of Income on Health and Mortality Using Lottery Prizes as an Exogenous Source of Variation in Income. † Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 40, no. 1: 144-68. The economic inquiry that is studied by the writer is the consequence of income on wellness and mortality by utilizing information on pecuniary lottery awards to make exogenic fluctuation in income. The policy relevancy of this article involves separating an association from a insouciant relation which suggests taking in to account the effects of income policies on the wellness of persons. The cardinal literature on which this article builds is the huge literature which has established a strong positive relation between income and wellness position and a negative relation with mortality. This survey comprises of an experimental survey in which the writer uses informations sets from the Swedish Level of Living Surveys ( SLLS ) for 1968, 1974, and 1981. The SLLS follows persons across moving ridges so that many persons are included in all old ages and new persons are frequently added in each moving ridge to keep a representative sample ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . An advantage of utilizing this information set is that they contain extended inquiries on wellness and the matched informations on income and decease day of the months from administrative registries ; it besides contains a inquiry on the sum of money won on lotteries ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . The writer uses OLS and IV theoretical accounts as the method of analysis to gauge the arrested developments of wellness on mean lottery, mean income and other covariates. The writer estimated the arrested developments of wellness in 1981 on the mean lottery award from 1969 to 1981 utilizing the undermentioned equation: Hi81 = I ± + I?Li81,13 + I?'Xit + A†¹i81, where Hi81 represents the assorted steps of hapless wellness in 1981 for single I ; Li81,13 is the mean lottery award in 1969 to 1981 ; Xit is a vector of demographic and household background variables every bit good as socioeconomic variables measured in 196 ; A†¹i81 denotes a random mistake term. The writer controlled for socio-economic variables measured every bit early as 1968 and non subsequently because variables measured subsequently are potentially endogenous with regard to lottery awards before 1969 to 1981 ; the dependant variable is in bad wellness ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . Subsequently, the writer estimated the OLS and IV arrested developments of wellness in 1981 on the logarithm of mean income in 1967 to 1981 utilizing the equations below: ( 1 ) Hi81 = I ± + I? log ( Ii81,15 ) + I?'Xit + I µi81 ( 2 ) log ( Ii81,15 ) = aO + a1 Li81,13 + I„'Xit + vi81, where Ii81,15 is the mean income in 1967 to 1981 ; I µi81 and vi81 are the random mistake footings. Harmonizing to Lindahl, the grounds for bespeaking Hi81 as a map of log income are that wellness variables and log income frequently are about linearly related and that the use of log income facilitates reading. The magnitude of the estimated income consequence is I? . Therefore if I? = – 1, so a 10 per centum addition in income outputs approximately 10 per centum of a standard divergence addition in good wellness, on norm ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . The chief consequences of this survey are that higher income causally generates good wellness ; and income is non protective against bad wellness for older people. The writer besides found out that income causally produces fewer symptoms of hapless mental wellness and decreases the opportunity of a individual being overweight ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . The policy deductions of these consequences is that income redistribution had a positive consequence on wellness position. After a clear reappraisal of this article, it is evident that it exhibits both strengths and failing. The strengths of this article prevarication in the beginning of informations utilised ( SLLS ) since it follows persons across moving ridges so that many persons are included in all old ages and new persons are frequently added in each moving ridge to keep a representative sample. Strengths are found in the information beginning used since it contained extended inquiries on wellness and matched informations on income and decease position from revenue enhancement registries. Another strength identified is the method of analysis used – the manner in which mean disposable household income is calculated, the appraisal of wellness arrested developments on mean lottery award every bit good as the OLS and IV appraisal of wellness arrested developments on the logarithm of mean income. The writer besides controlled for several confusing variables such as the socio-economic variables an d the standardised index of bad wellness in order to forestall prejudice in appraisal. One major failing of this article is found in the internal cogency of the survey in that the informations beginning covers a little clip period – merely three periods ; hence it is difficult brand generalisations. Another failing is that the figure of single in the survey is unknown ; therefore it is hard to besides do generalisations. Similar to other articles, failings besides come from the self-reported wellness positions. Section 4: Case, A. 2001, October. â€Å" Does Money Protect Health Status? Evidence from South African Pensions. † National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, NBER Working Documents: 8495, 1-32. The writer quantifies the impact of a big, exogenic addition in income on wellness position that is associated with the South African province old age pension. The province old pension was originally intended as a safety cyberspace for Whites who reached retirement age without an equal employment-based pension ; pension payments were bit by bit equalized across all racial groups during the decomposition of the Apartheid government in the early 1990s. This province old age pension constitutes an first-class natural experiment in South Africa because those who received this income ne'er expected it when they were younger and when the apartheid was still strong, therefore it represents an exogenic addition in income similar to lottery profitss ( Dr. Dooley ) . A 3rd of families in South Africa have at least one pensionary and the return up of the pension is really high. On norm, adult females aged 60 or above and work forces aged 65 or above by and large receive the full sum of the pens ion if they do non hold a private pension. The take-up rate for the province pension is approximately 80 % for inkinesss and coloured. For Whites, who are by and large covered by private pensions, the take-up rate is less than 10 % . The policy relevancy of this article involves pensions that are designed by the authorities for individuals that have retired or are of old age when they are no longer gaining a regular income from employment. The cardinal findings in the literature on which this paper builds is that socioeconomic position has a big impact on wellness results. The information beginning used is the Langeberg study which asks information on persons ‘ wellness, mental wellness, societal connection and economic position. This study was run in 1999 on racially stratified random sample – inkinesss, coloureds and Whites of 300 families ( 1300 persons ) in the Langeberg wellness territory ( Case, 2001 ) . The information used is cross-sectional one since it interviews persons at one point in clip ( 1999 ) to compare differences amongst them. The study was developed over a four twelvemonth period and was the joint merchandise of assorted research workers at the University of Capetown, South Africa that included economic experts, geriatrician, doctors and public wellness experts ( Case, 2001 ) . The study consisted of four faculties ; the first faculty was a family faculty which collected information from the individual in the family identified as â€Å" most knowing about how income is spent by the family † . The following facul ty was for younger grownups, aged 18 to 54, which collected information on work histories, net incomes, wellness position and societal connection. The 3rd faculty was for older grownup, aged 55 or greater which asked extra inquiries on the activities of day-to-day life and about South Africa ‘s alone old age pension. The 4th faculty collected information on vaccinums from kids ‘s wellness cards and information on breastfeeding patterns every bit good as the weights and highs of the kids ( Case, 2001 ) . The writer uses ordered probits of self-reported wellness position as a method of appraisal to analyze the consequence of pension income on wellness position. Ordered probits fundamentally assumes that rankings of wellness positions are meaningful but central differences are non meaningful ( Dr. Dooley ) . For illustration, if an single rates his wellness on a graduated table of 5 and another rates his wellness on a graduated table of 1 ; 5 being first-class wellness and 1 being really hapless wellness ; it does non connote that the person is 5 times as healthier than the 1 who ranks his wellness as really hapless. The chief determination from this survey is that income, in the signifier of an old age pension, improves the wellness position of all family members, in families that pool income ( Case, 2001 ) . The policy deduction of this consequence is that there is a true consequence of pension income on kid wellness. Hence, authoritiess should see hard currency transportations as one means of bettering child wellness. The strength of this paper is evident in the type of study it uses because it interviewed persons individually in order pull out private information to which other family members do non hold entree. Another strength is that the study is designed by dependable governments which make the study reliable. Besides, the study took into history assorted races such as inkinesss, Whites and coloured and controlled for assorted confusing variables such as sex, race, age and figure of pensionaries that could make prejudices in the consequences. Furthermore, for the intent of comparing, the writer presented ordered orbits for inkinesss, Whites and coloured in the U.S, utilizing informations from the National Health Interview Survey ( NHIS ) from 1986-1995. Hence, the findings from this survey can be applicable to U.S.A. In add-on, strengths were found in the clip period for the Langeburg study because it was run 9 old ages from the clip the apartheid ended in 1990. This implies that most of the pensionaries ne'er expected such a good pension. Therefore, this represents a genuinely â€Å" exogenic † addition in old age income like winning a lottery and shows a causal consequence of an addition in income. Similar to the article above, strengths were besides found within the internal cogency of the survey because the survey entails an first-class natural experiment ; hence there were no prejudices in the manner people behaved. However, failings are seen in the study used because it samples a little figure of persons ( 1300 persons ) . Second, the information was self-reported, therefore they might hold been misreport which makes it hard to corroborate or deny many claims. Failings are besides found in the external cogency of this survey since the consequences from this survey may non be representative of other countries of South Africa and other states in Africa or the wider developing universe because South Africa is an exceeding society. Another major failing of this article is the job of gauging the impact of income on kid wellness due to omitted variables such as rearing accomplishments. Besides, the writer did non do usage of a panel information which helps to reply inquiries about the kineticss of alteration. Section 5: Adda, J. , Gaudekcer, H. , & A ; Banks, J. 2006, December 18. â€Å" The Impact of Income Dazes on Health: Evidence from Cohort Data. † Institute for Fiscal Studies, IFS Working Documents: W07/05, 32, 1-32. This article surveies the consequence of lasting income inventions ( dazes ) on wellness for a prime-aged population with peculiar focal point on the consequence of income dazes on wellness over the life-cycle. Income shocks signify alterations in the income of cohorts to bring out causal effects of income dazes on wellness. The policy relevancy of this article is the extent to which income policies really lead to betterments in wellness position. The cardinal findings in the literature on which this article builds is that those with greater degrees of economic resources have better wellness. The information beginnings used are three different cross-sectional studies that sampled more than half a million persons over a 25 twelvemonth period ( 1978 to 2003 ) and reported elaborate information on person ‘s wellness ( both subjective and nonsubjective steps ) , wellness behaviors, income, outgo and socio-economic factors ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . The first study is The Family Expenditure Survey ( FES ) which contains elaborate information on family and ingestion. This information covers the period from 1978 to 2003 and the sample size consists of 148,517 persons. The 2nd study is The General Household Survey ( GHS ) which contain inquiries on wellness steps and hazard behaviors ; it covers the period from 1971 to 2003. The 3rd study, The Health Survey for England ( HSE ) unlike the old two, sampled a little figure of people and covers a little clip period from 1991 to 2003 ( Jerome et al, 2005 ) . The writer estimates the consequence of income dazes on wellness over the life-cycle by stipulating an single dynamic theoretical account of both income and wellness which allows for the decomposition of wellness and income dazes into transitory and lasting 1s. The writer allows for a non-linear relationship between income and wellness at single degree. The writer theoretical accounts income and wellness as stochastic procedures that evolve over the lifecycle and uses collection method to place lasting dazes to income by utilizing man-made cohort informations followed for up to 25 old ages ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . An advantage of utilizing the man-made cohort informations is that it helps to work a wealth of informations with elaborate information on both income and many wellness results because it allows the combination of assorted datasets ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . In order to pattern the stochastic procedure for single income, the writer uses the undermentioned equation: Yit = Yi, t-1 + ( 1 – Liter ) uit + vit, where Yit represents income, L denotes the lag-operator and mistake footings are denoted by uit and vit. Likewise, to pattern the stochastic procedure of single wellness, the writer treats wellness as a uni-dimensional stock variable and augments it with an individual-specific attack for coherence grounds. The methods of appraisal used by the writers consisted of several stairss ; the first measure was to regress the wellness and income variables on a suited set of regressors capturing cohort and age effects, the 2nd measure was to utilize the first-differences remainders and the last was to utilize the GMM technique ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . The chief consequence from this survey is that, income dazes has small effects on wellness position, but do affect wellness behaviors ( such as eating wonts ) and mortality ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . The policy deduction of these consequences provides grounds that lasting income dazes lead to poorer wellness behavior and no grounds that it straight affects wellness steps ( such as blood force per unit area ) . Clearly, the strength of this article is found in the information beginning used since it covers the life-cycle – a 25 twelvemonth period from 1978 to 2003 and studies comprehensive information about the persons in survey. Second, strengths are found in the internal cogency of this survey such that the study samples a big figure of persons – more than half a million persons. Third, the studies used are gotten from two states U.S and England which helps for comparing, pertinence and generalisation. Conversely, failing of this article comes from the methods of appraisal because it is really ill-defined and hard to understand. For illustration, the writer does non supply the significance for the GMM technique. Failings are besides seen from the self-reported wellness position which might make prejudice in the consequences because persons might supply incorrect information. Besides, this survey is an experimental survey which involves a strictly descriptive informations ; therefore it does non do any anticipations sing causality. Weaknesses besides root from the absence of a panel information that compares differences amongst persons ‘ overtime and are peculiarly utile in replying inquiries about the kineticss of alteration. The usage of a panel information will beef up the external cogency of this survey. Section 6: Pritchett, L. , & A ; Summers, L.H. , 1996. â€Å" Wealthier is Healthier. † Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 31 no. 4: 841-68. The writers of this article examine the consequence of income on wellness utilizing cross-country, clip series informations on wellness ( infant and child mortality and life anticipation ) and per capita income. The policy relevancy of this article involves increasing a state ‘s per capital income to see its consequence on kid wellness. The cardinal literature on which this article builds is the 1 that has estimated an income-health relationship utilizing cross-national informations. The cardinal findings in the literature on which this article builds is similar to the consequences gotten in this survey but the research workers who conducted these surveies were unable to turn to issues of causality ( Pritchett et al, 1996 ) . The information beginning used is the 1 at five-year intervals over the period from 1960 up to 1985, for a upper limit of five observations per state ( Pritchett et al, 1996 ) . The writer uses the OLS and IV theoretical accounts as the method of appraisal ; the OLS consequences on infant mortality was foremost reported and so the hardiness of the OLS estimates with regard to fluctuations of timing of observation, informations quality and income definition were verified. The IV estimations for infant mortality for a individual specification and sample was besides reported. Similarly, OLS and IV estimations for entire kid ( under 5 ) mortality and life anticipation were accounted for ( Prichett et al, 1996 ) . The writer estimated the five twelvemonth log differences for states with GDP per capita below $ 6000 utilizing observations for the old ages 1960 to 1985. The writer utilised instrumental variables as an appraisal scheme to place the causal consequence of income on wellness. In strumental variables in this context are variables that are non influenced by an unseen variable suspected to be doing both income growing and wellness betterment ( Prichett et al, 1996 ) . The chief decision of this survey is that additions in state ‘s income raises wellness position ( Prichett et al, 1996 ) . The policy deduction of this consequence is that much of the betterment in kid wellness is due to the acceptance of low-priced intercessions that exists for cut downing infant mortality non attributable to income alterations. Hence, these low-priced intercessions should be implemented along with income policies for overall betterment in child wellness. The strengths of this article prevarication in the information beginning since it covers a long clip period from 1960 to 1985 utilizing a five-year interval. Strength comes from the writer ‘s usage of instrumental variables and other health-status indexs such as mortality and life anticipation. Instrumental variables are determiners of income growing but exogenic with regard to wellness. The importance of utilizing mortality as an index of wellness position is that, it is available for a big figure of old ages and states ( Pritchett et al, 1996 ) . Furthermore, it avoids the potentially more terrible contrary causing jobs associated with the relationship between grownup wellness and income growing ( Pritchett et al, 1996 ) . Another strength found was that confusing variables such as instruction and income were controlled for so as to forestall prejudice in appraisal. The failing of this article is that it does non supply information about socio-demographic features of persons and does non stipulate the figure of persons in the survey. In add-on, some of the information beginnings discussed in this article did non come from dependable beginnings.Section 7: Drumhead, Unanswered Questions, and Suggestions for Future ResearchHaving evaluated the findings and decision in these articles, we see that the overall decisions in these articles are that income has a important impact on wellness position. Given that the five articles utilised different appraisal methods every bit good as dissimilar explanatory variables, it is hard to notice on the overall effectivity of the policies involved in these articles. Measuring the articles separately, Case Anne used pension income as an instrument to analyze the relationship between income and wellness position. He found out that pension income improved the wellness position of all persons in the family that pool income. This provided the grounds that there is a true consequence of pension income on kid wellness. Therefore , we can come into a decision that pension policy was effectual in this instance. In deciding the issue with respects to the unreciprocated inquiries, it is indispensable to measure the strengths and failings of the articles. For illustration, the usage of instrumental variables and the control of confusing variables strengthened the internal cogency of the surveies. The skip of of import variables weakened the internal cogency of the survey. For case, in the article, â€Å" Does Money Protect against Health Status † Evidence from South African Pensions, there were omitted variables such as rearing accomplishments which might hold been correlated with wellness and income. Therefore, an unreciprocated inquiry will be, â€Å" what are other possible omitted variables? † A following inquiry will be in respects to external cogency, for illustration can the consequences in these surveies be applicable to Canada every bit good as other states? A subsequent inquiry will be, â€Å" What other policies could be implemented in order to relieve the impact of i ncome on wellness position? To reason, since it is clear from the analysis in each article that the being of a causal nexus between income and wellness is still unsure, an docket for future research will be to use random fluctuations in income and do usage of panel informations theoretical accounts. Another country of future research will be to include omitted variables in future surveies so as to beef up the internal cogency of the survey. A subsequent country of research will be to avoid self-reported data point in the survey so as to avoid misreport from respondents. Surveies should besides affect more of natural experiments since people in these types of surveies are non cognizant that they are being studied. This would beef up the internal cogency of the survey every bit good as prevent prejudice in consequences. In add-on, future researches should do usage of appraisal methods that are easy to understand every bit good as utilize panel data point which helps to reply inquiries about the kineticss of alter ation and utile in foretelling long-run or cumulative effects which are usually hard to analyse in a cross-sectional survey.

Regional distribution centre report

Introduction: My company that I work for is currently expanding and has recently opened several new superstores on the outskirts of large urban areas. The existing distribution centers, which supply stores, are finding it difficult to meet the increased demand. So, the company has decided to set up a new distribution centre in an area, which has a mixture of old supermarkets and new superstores. Mileage: Mileage is one of the most important factors on this survey and research that I am doing and Prime thing that I have to look for is how far it is from the motorways and the supermarkets. In my opinion location C has got the best mileage and the one with the least mileage is D. Accessibility: Accessibility is not as important as mileage but it is still a convenient factor of the research and has to be considered very deeply. If the place has plenty of doors and garages, then it would be more convenient than a store with less doors and garages for the trucks or lorries to take our stock to the superstore. The best one again is location C and the worst one again is location D. But we have to remember that some locations are better at other things than at some things. Suitable Land: Land is vital for the company because we need lots of space for our staff to store the products from our regional distribution centre.6 acres would be good enough for us. The location that strike me first location A, as it has 20 acres of land which is over three times more of what we actually wanted. And the worst one was location C. In the factors above us, it was the best and now it is the worst for the land. And not everything can be perfect, you cant have a location which scores five out of five for everything. Cost Of Land: Now we are coming to the financial side of the operation and it is the thing that we have to consider before buying the location that we decide. Price is an enormous factor for everything not just regional distribution centers. The best priced location was location D, this was the location which had scored poor ratings in all the other factors and now has appeared top for the price. And the worst priced location was location C. This location did really well with the mileage and the accessibility but is very pricey. It would not be a good idea to buy this location if the company does not have a large budget. Setting Up Cost: Well, some locations do not need much work but some do and this could cost the company quite a bit. The location that really well was location E which has not exactly had that good factors in it. And the location that has done really badly or the worst was location B, this location is out of the picture as it was not good use to us. Labour Force: Where ever a business moves and there are job opportunities people would try really hard to get one so that's why we are considering to move to a place where there is a high unemployment and, the people should be skilled or have had experiences and we should be able to offer them low salaries. If we can make this happen, this could have us thousands of pounds every year. The location that has a good labour force is location D. This is truly the best location so I am considering of buying this. And the location that has done not so well in this important category was location A. Evaluation: In my opinion and my research I think that Location C is the best location because the cost of the land is really good, there is plenty of cheap labour, it scored top on the environmental factors and it almost came top in setting up. But two main things that it lacks is the mileage as it is very far from motorways and the accessibility is not good at all.

The List of All U.S. Colleges With a Geography Major

Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492. Fast forward a few centuries later and most of the world has already been discovered. That doesn’t mean there isn’t a need for geography anymore, it just means the need for such a field has evolved. A student with a love for geography loves to study the relationship between people and the world they share. This student can find help in selecting the right college by starting with the complete list of universities that offer this degree program we have compiled in this post. Geography has become more than simply traversing an unknown land across the globe and creating a map of said land; it is the study of the interactions between people and their environments and how these interactions overall affect the planet. These environments can be either natural, like the study of climate change, or human, like the study of culture and landscape. At the surface, geography doesn’t appear to hold much promise for a future career. On the contrary, because geography is known as the â€Å"mother of all sciences,† students who pursue this program have a myriad of options from which to choose. Physical geographers study the landscape and how these affect our way of life and how our changes to the landscape affect the earth. Cultural geographers study people’s behaviors in relation to their effects on the environment such as transportation methods and building cities. Political geographers study the global political issues between countries and cultures around the world. A student who studies geography in college will reap the benefits of a well-rounded education. They can expect to learn excellent communication skills, excellent skills in research, and a broadened ability to think critically. In having a geography degree, the world becomes a never-ending pool of learning that can ultimately make a change for the greater good. It’s important to think of a high school transcript and profile like a resume when contacting college admissions officers. They will be looking for a high GPA score and proof that the student is dedicated to learning all that comes with a major in geography. That being said, a student should have excellent grades in natural science, basic math courses, and computer science. Extracurricular activities are also a great way to boost a student’s profile that makes them stand out to college admissions officers. Science fairs and school clubs that are geared toward the student with a heart for geography are excellent choices for making a profile shine. For more information about the importance of extracurriculars before college, check out this post on the site! There are some students who have figured out early on that they want to study geography in college. Fortunately, has designed the Early Advising Program to help give 9th and 10th graders a head start in the admission process. The tools given to the student through this program help set up the student for a successful admission process once high school is over and it’s time to begin the freshman semester. Sometimes it takes a student a little bit longer to decide on a major, whether it’s geography or not. also has an program that helps rising seniors stay on course and on schedule in time for college admissions. The College Strategy Program is geared for the junior student and helps them navigate and organize all the necessary steps to gain higher chances of acceptance into the college of their dreams. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. With so many universities to choose from in the country, it’s hard to find the one that’s a great fit and one that offers a geography major. That’s why has done a little bit of leg work for you and provided a list of all the colleges in the nation that offer this degree program. Auburn University at Montgomery | AUM Austin Peay State University | APSU Bowling Green State University | BGSU California State Polytechnic University, Pomona | Cal Poly Pomona California State University, Chico | CSU Chico California State University, Dominguez Hills | CSUDH California State University, East Bay | CSU East Bay California State University, Fresno | CSU Fresno California State University, Fullerton | CSU Fullerton California State University, Long Beach | Long Beach State California State University, Los Angeles | Cal State LA California State University, Northridge | CSUN California State University, Sacramento | Sacramento State California State University, San Bernardino | CSUSB California State University, Stanislaus | Stanislaus State California University of Pennsylvania | Cal U Central Connecticut State University | CCSU Central Washington University | CWU College of Staten Island | CUNY CSI Eastern Washington University | EWU Farmingdale State College | SUNY Farmingdale Fayetteville State University | FSU Florida International University | FIU Grand Valley State University | GVSU Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis | IUPUI Indiana University Bloomington | Indiana Indiana University of Pennsylvania | IUP Jacksonville State University | JSU Kutztown University of Pennsylvania | KU Metropolitan State University of Denver | MSU Denver Millersville University of Pennsylvania | MU Minnesota State University Moorhead | MSUM Minnesota State University, Mankato | MNSU North Carolina Central University | NCCU North Carolina State University | NC State North Dakota State University | NDSU Northeastern Illinois University | NEIU Northeastern State University | NSU Northwest Missouri State University Pennsylvania State University | PSU Rutgers University–New Brunswick | Rutgers Saginaw Valley State University | SVSU Sam Houston State University | SHSU San Francisco State University | SF State Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania | SRU Southeast Missouri State University | SEMO Southern Connecticut State University | SCSU Southern Illinois University Carbondale | SIU Southern Illinois University Edwardsville | SIUE Southern New Hampshire University | SNHU State University of New York at Cortland | SUNY Cortland State University of New York at New Paltz | SUNY New Paltz State University of New York at Oneonta | SUNY Oneonta State University of New York at Potsdam | SUNY Potsdam Stephen F. Austin State University | SFA The State University of New York at Albany | SUNY Albany The State University of New York at Binghamton | SUNY Binghamton The State University of New York at Buffalo | SUNY Buffalo The State University of New York at Geneseo | SUNY Geneseo United States Military Academy | Army University of Alaska Fairbanks | UAF University of California, Berkeley | UC Berkeley University of California, Los Angeles | UCLA University of California, Santa Barbara | UCSB University of Central Arkansas | UCA University of Central Oklahoma | UCO University of Colorado Boulder | CU Boulder University of Colorado Denver | CU Denver University of Hawaii at Hilo | UH Hilo University of Hawaii at Manoa | UH Manoa University of Houston–Clear Lake | UHCL University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | UIUC University of Louisiana at Lafayette | UL Lafayette University of Maine at Farmington | UMF University of Mary Washington | UMW University of Maryland, Baltimore County | UMBC University of Maryland, College Park | Maryland University of Massachusetts Amherst | UMass Amherst University of Michigan–Flint | UofM-Flint University of Minnesota, Twin Cities | Minnesota University of Missouri–Kansas City | UMKC University of Nebraska at Kearney | UNK University of Nebraska–Lincoln | UNL University of Nevada, Las Vegas | UNLV University of North Carolina at Charlotte | UNC Charlotte University of North Carolina at Greensboro | UNC Greensboro University of North Carolina at Wilmington | UNC Wilmington University of South Alabama | South University of South Florida St. Petersburg | USFSP University of Southern Mississippi | Southern Miss University of St. Thomas (Minnesota) University of Tennessee at Martin | UTM University of Texas at Austin | UT Austin University of Texas at San Antonio | UTSA University of Wisconsin-Madison | Wisconsin University of Wisconsin–La Crosse | UW–La Crosse University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee | UWM University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh | UW Oshkosh University of Wisconsin–Platteville | UW–Platteville University of Wisconsin–River Falls | UW–River Falls University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point | UW–Stevens Point University of Wisconsin–Whitewater | UW–Whitewater Western Washington University | WWU William Paterson University | WPUNJ While the list may seem overwhelming, choosing the right college for your student doesn’t have to be. offers help exclusively for graduating seniors to help make the transition into higher education that much smoother. Check out the College Applications Program today!

To what extend does Mozi's philosophy conflicts with the Confucianism Essay

To what extend does Mozi's philosophy conflicts with the Confucianism - Essay Example The spread of Mohism began taking place when the traditional Chinese priest craft was challenged by the emerging technical intelligence. Mozi is believed to have been drawn to prominence by the rising demand of scholars during the era of the Warring States. There are other accounts that depict him as a fortifications officer in the military while the numerous criticisms demonstrate that he was conversant with the Confucian priesthood (Hansen, 2009). Although there is very few literature that talks about Mozi, majority of them depict him as having been against Confucianism. One of Mozi’s greatest critics was Mencius (371-289 BC) who claimed that the writings of Mozi were all over the social media and for that reason, most people were influenced to believe in his distorted view of Confucianism. Mozi is believed to have been a strong advocate of utilitarianism and equal concern for each individual. The Mohist movement, which had begun with Mozi in later stages led to a much newer fashion of Daoism and Confucianism. The central Mohist literature has an intended argumentative style. It utilizes an unprejudiced symmetry of expression and repetition that makes it easy to memorize as well as in passing along the message. Symmetry and repetition are commonly used stylistic devices for classical Chinese and it is mostly in analytical form (Mei, 2008). Various books document the life of Mozi and his works. Nearly all of the available works explain Mozi’s story in the light of the â€Å"craft theory† since it helps in explaining the unique personality of well-organized logical thought in China that had its roots in Mozi. These pieces of literature mostly dwell on moral debates but mostly focus on the entire Mohist system to which they credit Mozi as having been the founder. Mozi, according to the available literature believed that the moral standards should be in a measurable form, e.g., in the manner of a carpenter with a plumb line or

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Journal - Assignment Example ncourage and lead many of my friends towards these voluntary movements and could utilize their skills and abilities in contributing towards the cause of the community. The best achievement of my leadership is that I could initiate in my friends, a vision for a sustainable approach in all realms and life and evoke their responsibility towards the society. ii) You are a member of many groups that may include these: family member, University Sem class, human race, dorm resident, sports team, etc. What is your biggest contribution, typically, to the groups in which you hold membership? My biggest contribution to the communities I have associated with is that I could successfully be a good family member. I could do my role to the best as a son (daughter), as a brother (sister) and adhered best to the family values. As it is the family that contributes the most towards the making of a good personality, this role of mine will ensure me to be responsible and successful in all realms of life to come across. When I was sent to school I made my parents proud as a good student. I could make them proud among their relatives and friends as a good person with bright future. With all the hard work done, the good fame could be maintained at the college level as well. My contribution to my neighborhood as well has been substantial. I could use my managerial capacities to negotiate with many of the public systems to bring in basic infrastructures in the local township. I could strategically unite people to have a unified voice resultantly increasing their bargaining capacity. Th is made their voice heard much better and the authorities could not stay away from addressing the issues. My role as college student in many ways holds responsibilities of varied kinds. Apart from the academic level responsibilities which would form the foundation of my career, the college environment demands me to delver much more in the organizational and cultural perspective as well. The diversity among

Strategic Human Resources Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategic Human Resources Management - Essay Example This paper declares that the work of human resource department is considered as a distinctive philosophy in organization because of the fact that human resource managers often face a relatively new and unique situational cases related to the proper way of handling employees. When dealing with different scenarios, human resource managers are responsible in conducting a logical reasoning as he/she develop a new strategic solution that will address the main problem within the business organization. Human resource managers should be able to adopt a more flexible scheme and rewards since most of generation Y employees strongly believe in their own worth and has adopted the ‘speak-your-mind’ philosophy. This report makes a concuson that based on the first case scenario presented in this study, we have clearly seen some ways on how the human resource manager could logically address organizational problems related to internal conflicts which may arise due to merger and acquisitions between a medium- and large-scale busineses. As part of the first case, the study shows how the human resource manager could develop and implement a new organizational culture that could promote open commnucation among employees as well as a long-term learning, development, and performance culture. In the second case, proper ways on how to develop a universal motivational scheme for a business organization that is composed of baby boomers and generation Y employees was discussed.

Harriet Tubman and the underground railroad Research Paper

Harriet Tubman and the underground railroad - Research Paper Example These people came out strongly to agitate for the rights and freedom of the blacks in the US and that they are considered just like any other American. Harriet Tubman Apart from the prominent personalities in the struggle for the liberation of the black man for the yolk of oppression and slavery in the US, Harriet Tubman remains one of those who in their little space fought oppression to the black and doing all what was necessary to free the slaves and fight for their rights. Childhood and Life as a Slave It is documented that Tubman was born in the 1820 and died in 1913. Tubman was a female from Maryland and later became a runaway slave making her to compare with the biblical Moses for the relentless fight she staged to help her people flee the oppressive regime that was instituted for the blacks in the US (Abnett, 2007). Tubman was involved in a risky act of using her own tact to free fellow slaves to freedom for a period stretching to over 10 years. At the time her birth, she was named Araminta Ross, she later changed her name to Harriet Tubman by combining her mother’s name and that of her husband respectively. ... It is this kind of torturous life style that Harriet developed the determination to gain her freedom and extend it to her fellow slaves in the US. Harriet also refused to cooperate with the authorities who wanted her to help punish other perceived offenders. For instance, she refused to cooperate with the authorities in punishing a fellow slave who was accused of encroaching into the store without the permission. This incidence made her sustain a permanent scar that she sustained throughout her life (Lantier, 2010). The culprit escaped punishment by fleeing and the weight hurled at him, he missed it and it fell on Harriet’s skull, it left a scar in her brain and became unconscious for several days and she later suffered from seizures in her entire life. When rumors went round that she was to be sold among other people, she had no option but to flee the site, they organized and left the camp on a night on foot through one of the white men who empathized with them. It is said th at she relied on the North Star for direction and used it to reach Pennsylvania. She later moved to Philadelphia where she was privileged to find work and saved money for her plans (Martin, Hoover, and Anderson, 2005). After her brief period in Philadelphia, she opted to return to Maryland with one main mission, helping free those under slavery, in that regard she started helping her family members out of the situation in the first trip of rescue. In her second mission, she freed her brother together with other two slaves and in her third trip, she was to free her husband but found that he was married to another wife , this did not work against her plans and she freed them together with other slaves who were seeking freedom and too them to the

Cinematic Arts Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cinematic Arts - Personal Statement Example A critical analysis of my resume indicates an extremely disciplined, focused and organized mind, firstly as an operational specialist in the U.S. Navy and later as an administrative assistant to Arnold Schwarzenegger. In the U.S. Navy, I was responsible for the computer-assisted authorizations and instructions upon which the lives of Navy pilots depended. This was a high degree of responsibility and required great attention to detail and precision of communication. It also required me to quickly comprehend complex situations under stress and to explain clearly and quickly the logic of my decisions to aircraft personnel. In addition in instances where weather conditions could suddenly alter flight plans, I had to demonstrate the flexibility of thinking. My interest in media was nurtured within the political sphere both before and after working for the U.S. Navy. In the Department of Labor, I was most interested to conduct research on media outlets and to understand how the flow of information works between a government office and the broadcast media. I gained an insight into what is categorized as confidential information and what information is freely available, giving me a feel for information that might be "missing" when I read political articles in the newspapers. Working closely to briefs from Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, I created publicity materials within a marketing plan, giving me greater confidence and understanding in the critical assessment of written documents and the message they convey. I provided the background information for press conferences from newspaper cuttings and in so doing had to understand the views of many different journalists and to have sensitivity for how subjects might be reported.2) Career Objectives All of the experience I have had win political offices has given me a great interest in understanding fields related to politics and business and how they interact with the media. I can see myself working in fields related to broadcast and film coverage, so one possibility, for example, would be public relations within military organizations e.g. the public affairs office of the U.S. Navy.One of my greatest ambitions is to be able to produce broadcast political shows on national T.V. that give people insight into the political issues of our time. In this I feel a PhD in Critical Studies at the School of Cinematic Arts will assist me greatly.My favorite media reading is the Washington Post and Hollywood Reporter, and I enjoy watching both Western and Chinese films from political blockbusters and thrillers (e.g. Oliver Stone's JFK) to martial art movies (e.g. John Woo) and those based on Chinese literature such as Red Cliff (dir: John Woo) and Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon (dir: Ang Lee). I feel my background to date is very solid in demonstrating critical analysis skills during my time as a U.S. Navy Operational Specialist, political communication skills through my time liaising with the media in the offices of Gov. Schwarzenegger, and business analysis and organizational skills learnt through my current Masters in Business administration and management.

Exxon Moblie Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exxon Moblie Company - Essay Example The company had stored over 72 billion equivalent of oil barrels by the end of 2007. The company also has 37 oil refineries in 21 different nations. This makes Exxon Mobil Corporation the world’s leading refiner (Vassiliou 54). This paper will look at the Exxon Mobil Corporation. Exxon Mobil Corporation is the leading of the largest oil producers in the world. The company boasts of an everyday oil production of 3.921 million barrels of equivalent. This was almost 3% of the globes oil production, in 2008. Nonetheless, when Exxon Mobil Corporation is categorized by gas and oil assets, it is placed 14th in the globe. The Daily Telegraph wrote an article in 2012. This article asserts that Exxon Mobil Corporation has become one of the most despised companies in the world, with the ability to influence the fate of many countries and American foreign law. In addition, Exxon Mobil Corporation drills oil in areas leased to them by countries controlled by dictators, for example, Equator ial Guinea and Chad. The company also has little regard for the environment. The company’s chief executive, Lee Raymond, until 2005, opposed the administration’s interference at any stage and was cynical about global warming and climate change (Vassiliou 57). The corporation was condemned for its sluggish reaction to handling the Alaska oil spill. The headquarters of Exxon Mobil Corporation is in Texas, Irvin. The corporation sells products all over the globe under the trade names of Esso, Mobil, and Exxon. In addition, the company owns a number of businesses, for example, SeaRiver Maritime, an oil shipping corporation, and Imperial Oil Limited, located in Canada. It owns 69.6% of the Imperial Oil Limited. The upstream division of Exxon Mobil Corporation leads the corporation’s cash flow. It contributes almost 70% of returns. The Exxon Mobil Corporation’s corporate citizen report in 2006 indicated the company offers 82,000 employment opportunities all ove r the world (Vassiliou 62). The report also asserts that 27,000 workers are located in the company’s Houston upstream headquarters and almost 4,000 workers are in the company’s Fairfax downstream headquarters. Exxon Mobil Corporation is structured functionally into several functioning sections. These sections are subdivided into three groupings. Nonetheless, Exxon Mobil Corporation has a number of supplementary sections, for example, Coal and Minerals, which are separated from the main divisions. The upstream division is located in Houston, Texas. It is concerned with wholesale operations, shipping, oil exploration, and extraction. The downstream division is located in Fairfax, Virginia and is concerned with retail operations, refining, and marketing (Vassiliou 64). Also, the downstream division comprises SeaRiver Maritime, International Marine Transportation, ExxonMobil Refining and Supply Company, and Engineering Company ExxonMobil Research, and ExxonMobil Fuels, Lub ricants and Specialties Marketing Company. In addition, the chemical division is found in Texas. Exxon Corporation’s chief executive officer had a meeting with Mobil Corporation’s chief executive officer in 1998. Both these chief executive officers had initial talks of the probability of a merger between the two corporations. Later on, management proceeded with negotiations and gave the board the results of the discussions. In 1998, the chief

Reading reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading reflection - Essay Example 16). Current advancements in the disciplines of science and technology are recorded to make the world aware of them. A number of old scriptures linking tales of human development and tales of human life in those intervals have been of wonderful assistance to humanity. The following paper will further my interest in literary works with reference to interpreted details. Why the literary work captured my interest Even though the idea of a conscious literary world led major writers, their works are absolutely most beneficial for clarifying what it truly is. With a comprehension of a human conscious, literary works are able to be applied in life through their facets. So far, studies on such literary works are held inside the referenced book. Majority of old literary works concerning the unconscious are held within language and history. The understanding of dreams apart from a brief description is difficult to stumble upon (Massi, 2001, p. 33). Basically, these writers used to believe that the unconscious is the section of the human mind that is past consciousness. Nevertheless, this section has a well-built influence on our actions. Dreams are a highly crucial technique in researching the unconscious mind. ... The need to explain and record human encounters and inventions outlines the fascination I have for understanding such works. Recently, there has been a fresh insisting in the literature scrutiny of the text arising from a variety of simultaneous theological ideas. It ought to arrive as no astonishment that Form Disapproval, with its emphasis on literary genre and compositional scrutiny, ought to have guided towards even larger emphasis amongst students on the literary features of a text (Iannone, 2005, p. 6). Except from this fresh wave of research, people are less into finding out the beginning and spread of narratives, psalms or predictions. The literary outlines the last form of the text. As a result, the change towards the conventional literary works and research most likely reflects a standoff in the discussions over source condemnations. One of the analytical approaches outlined in the text Freud defines displacement with the use of an example of the Sappho-dream of a patient, rising and plunging. In other words, being up and down is established as the central point. Nevertheless, the dream is concerned with the risks of sexual relations with people of low level. Condensation is viewed since the dream is meager, worthless and concise, when compared to with the variety and copiousness of the dream-judgments (Massi, 2001, p. 50). The literary analysis of the text has been the leading interest of every principal strategy to the study of the Bible. Starting with the ancient literary analytical strategy, the analysis ends with the form critical strategy. Nevertheless, the contributions made by these strategies have been great, and also stained with excessive doubtful subjectivity in opposition to the unity and honesty of the text. Regularly, the literature interests

The European Community Institutional Framework Essay Example for Free

The European Community Institutional Framework Essay The European community which has its history back in the 1950s when the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was formed to cater for the interests of expanding coal and steel market among member states which stood at six during its formation. In 1957 the European Economic Community was formed together with the European Atomic Energy Community, the Merger Treaty [Merging of the executives, 2007] saw the three bodies merge afterwards to give birth of the now twenty seven member-European Community (EC). The creation of this super body is based on a number of treaties that govern its operations, these treaties that were drafted and mutually agreed up on and accented to provide for the formation of various institutions tat oversee the day to day running of the community’s affairs. The formation of the European community was chiefly to iron out physical boundaries between member states and also to hasten the rate of economic development among other reasons. Due to the diverse interests of the populations of the member states, the community adopted various laws that provide the legal foundation for the representation of these interests. One of the main functions of the legal framework is to give the base for the creation of institutions which cater for the diverse interests of the members. The community’s institutional framework is considered to be unique chiefly because of its separation of power between the three arms that are the basis of it operation, i.e. the judiciary, legislature, and the executive, and partly due to its attempts to secure equal representation of diverse interests while keeping a proper balance between them. The community has got various institutions that are divided in to two categories i.e. politically based institutions ad the non-politically based ones. The political institutions include; the parliament, the commission, and the council, the non-political ones include; court of justice and the court of auditors.

Guest Satisfaction Essay Example for Free

Guest Satisfaction Essay Guest satisfaction within the Hospitality Industry is very important and essential. Only when a restaurant exhibit satisfactory guest it can be successful for a longer period of time. Guests will only come back and spend more money when the particular establishment supplies their wants and needs. Many aspects can influence the satisfaction of guests. However one main aspect which can influence the satisfaction is the quality of staff members. They represent the restaurant and when they are not good in their job it casts a damning light on the establishment. Guests will not recommend a restaurant which possesses bad staff members who are not polite or motivated. Within the staff quality there are several aspects which should be fulfilled in order to get a guest satisfactory guest. Therefore the main question of this Module Assignment will be â€Å"Which sub dimensions of the staff quality influence the guest satisfaction†. Literature Review In this assignment we will determine the topic staff quality and the different aspects which are linked with it. In the following Literature Review we will take a closer look on the Service time and the Service quality of staff and the stereotypes within the Hospitality industry. Service time of staff The service time has become an extremely important component of service quality within the hospitality industry. There is a complex relationship between the waiting times and the overall customer satisfaction because this will only be negative assessed when the costumer perceived the waiting time to be longer than what they found to be reasonable. Because most restaurants deliver so much quality in tangible offerings, they can distinguish themselves from their competitors by the quality of service (Allen, 1999). A study was developed to examine two factors in relationship to the waiting times. The first part of the study was the impact of waiting times at various stages of the service p rocess on perceived customer satisfaction. And the second part of the study was: What is the impact of company training activity on service time efficiency. For the study 8 of the same casual dining’s of one particular chain were followed. Only in 4 restaurants the managers talked to their staff about the service time issues every day before the shift started. 2 of these restaurants also called out the time between the orders were taken and it left the kitchen. The other 4 restaurants didn’t have a meeting or something about waiting times. The various stages of waiting time that were studied were: Arrival greet: time elapsed before guest was greeted at door Seating time: lapsed before guest was greeted at the table Drink Service: wait time after order was taken Order time: amount of time lapsed after order was taken -Check back time: time lapsed after food was received Payment time: how long guest waited for change/Credit Card Slip The results showed that the 4 restaurant that had spoken about the waiting time in all studied stages of waiting were on time and the percentages of the other 4 restaurants were always lower. The two restaurants that also called out the time during the shifts had a table turn (the length of time a guest would occupies a table at the Restaurant) of a very low 40 minutes. The two restaurants that only spoke about it before the shift had a table turn of 48 minutes and the other 4 had a table turn of over 50 minutes! For the study there were also mystery shoppers who went to the restaurant and after the visit had to give there rating. The mystery shoppers were asked about multiple items although the service times were most heavily rated. The 4 restaurants that spoke about waiting time were considered an excellent rating. The 4 that didn’t speak about waiting time were overall considered a below average rating with improvements needed. Service quality of staff Service quality can be seen as a very important factor when it comes to guest satisfaction (Melih Madanoglu, 2004). Service quality is the consumer’s judgment about an overall superiority or excellence. Itcan be crucial in the overall performance of an organization and enable it to differentiate itself from competitors to gain competitive advantage (Jannadi, 2001; Stevens et al.,1995). If the guests experience a good service there is a high chance that they will recommend the restaurant where they have eaten to other people. Everything depends on a good relationship between the customer and the staff. Many researchers carry out surveys about the dimensions of service quality and all had different solutions because like Parasuraman says the dimensions of SQ is generic. So it can be said that every dimension has to be adapted to the different restaurant and to the different target group they want to attract (Parasuraman, 1985). However when you look to the different results the researchers got from their surveys there are always some dimensions which appear every time. These words are reliability, staff behavior and their attitude to guests, timeliness and physical quality of the staff. All of these aspects have to be fulfilled to get a satisfied customer. Guests want to have a staff member who is nice, self-confident and friendly (behavior). Furthermore they want to see waiters/waitresses who like their job and are blessed to have them as guests (attitude). They also appreciate it to get their food and there drinks in an adequate time (timeliness). Finally customers feeling more comfortable when they have employees, who care for personal hygiene, have the right clothes and smell nicely. Stereotypes in the hospitality Customers will form their judgment based on the employee’s personal appearances, the customer’s pre-established expectations, and the environment in which the interaction occurs (Lockwood Jones, 1989). When there isn’t much information about these mentioned aspects, the customers will form impressions of the restaurant by looking to the staff members (observable cues). Race, sex, age, occupations and physical attractiveness are ex amples of these observable cues. These may connote differences in status and competence to observers (Berger et al., 1977). This is all about stereotypes and this plays an important role in human judgment. Stereotyping is the process of ascribing characteristics to people on the basis of their group memberships (Oakes et al., 1994). Selecting the best employees for service encounters is critically important for customer satisfaction and, ultimately, an organization’s success but how to do this when customers base their perceptions on stereotypes? The research of H.-F. Luoh S.-H. Tsaur analyzed the effects of gender stereotypes on the perceived service qualityunder favorable and unfavorable service quality conditions in fine dining restaurants. The results showed that under favorable service quality conditions, the respondents’ perceived service quality with regards to a female server on tangibles, reliability, assurance, and empathy dimensions was better than that of a male server. On the other hand, under unfavorable service quality conditions, there were no statistical differences in the respondent’s perceived service quality on the service rendered by a female server or a male server (H.-F. Luoh S.-H. Tsaur). Another form of stereotyping is the fact that people expect better service from someone of the same sex simply because they feel they might be more comfortable interacting with them (Fisher et al., 1997). Mind-Map Sub questions For specifying the main question of this research paper which is â€Å"Which sub dimensions influence the guest satisfaction†, three sub questions were phrased. These sub questions were phrased after making the mind-map and analyzing the literature review. 1. Does the behavior of staff members influence the guest satisfaction? 2. Does the Appearance of staff influence guest satisfaction? 3. Does the speed of staff have an influence on the guest satisfaction? Methodology This chapter provides information about how the study was carried out. It dealt with the subject from which the data were collected, the tool which was used in collecting the data and how this tool was used for the subject from which the data were collected (sample, instrument and procedure). Sample This research study is carried out by 55 students of the Stenden University Hotel School. To collect the data for the study, the students have visited 16 different restaurants. Two of these restaurants were pizzerias and two were sushi restaurants. 15 of the restaurants are located in the city of Leeuwarden. Only one is located in another city called Sneek. The price range of the restaurants lies between the 8,50 â‚ ¬ and 36,25 â‚ ¬. Some of the restaurants were visited by more than two people at the same time. Because of this fact a table is presented beside the text which shows the different restaurants and how many people have visited each of them. Instrument The instrument which was used for the study was a questionnaire with a Likert-scale from 1-10. The questionnaire focused on different points. Those points are Hygiene, General behavior, attitude, speed of staff service, language, posture, gesture, knowledge, appearance and presentation and general satisfaction. The questionnaire shows also other aspects: The gender of the server, the gender of the student and the average spending per person in the restaurant. Procedure All the 55 students chose a restaurant of their interest. The questionnaire with the Likert-scale from 1-10 was brought to the restaurant. The students filled in the questionnaire during or after the dinner in a discrete manner. It has to happen like this because staff of the restaurant should not get influenced by the fact that they were observed. After every of the 55 students had dinner in the restaurant of his/her choice, all the questionnaires were collected. All the answers of the questionnaires were put in a clear table in excel. Results In the following chapter the results of the quantitative questionnaire for the restaurant visit will be presented. The focus of the questionnaire was laying on the question â€Å"Which sub dimensions of the staff quality influence the guest satisfaction†. For answering this question scatter plots and descriptive statistics were used. With the help of these methods it could be found out which sub dimensions were most equally valued and which variable were the most chosen one. The first method is the mode. It can be seen in it that most of the participants valued the sub dimensions of the staff quality which were given in the questionnaire with a high mark, which means that almost all probands were satisfied with the quality of the staff in the restaurant they have chosen. Hygiene, general behaviour, attitude, speed of staff, language and general satisfaction were valued with an 8 and posture, gesture, knowledge and appearance/presentation with a 7. According to this it can be said that the most participants of the study were more satisfied with the first six sub dimensions which can be seen in the table below than with the 4 sub dimensions which are following (look at table 2). Table 1: Descriptive statistic for the Mode Hygiene| 8| General Behaviour| 8| Attitude| 8| Speed of staff| 8| Language| 8| General Satisfaction| 8| Posture| 7| Gesture| 7| Knowledge| 7| Appearance and presentation| 7| The second method which was used for analyzing the data of the questionnaire was the scatter plot. Therefore the different sub dimensions of the questionnaire were taken in relation with the variable â€Å"General Satisfaction. From the nine valued variables which were compared, four of them were most significant. Those four were therefore the variables which had the highest relation to â€Å"General Satisfaction†.2 The first scatter plot in figure one dealt with the relation â€Å"Appearance/presentation† and â€Å"General Satisfaction†. The dots which can be seen in it lie very close to each other and to the regression line as well which means that almost all of the participants of the questionnaire valued both variables almost with the same mark. The next scatter plot which belongs to figure 1 focused on the sub dimensions â€Å"Posture† and â€Å"General Satisfaction†. It is cognizable that the dots of this plot did not lie that close together like they did in the previous relation which means that the participants did not all had the same opinion about both sub dimensions. The ensuing scatter plot showed how similar the probands valued the relation of â€Å"General Behaviour† and â€Å"General Satisfaction†. Here it can be seen that the dots were further apart than in the other two plots. This finding showed that even more participants than in the other scatter plots valued differently and therefore did not have chosen the same mark. The last scatter plot in figure 1 concentrated on the combination â€Å"Language† and â€Å"General Satisfaction†. It pointed out that the dots of this one had the highest spreading of all four scatter plots. The consequence of this is that only a small amount of the probands valued this relation with the same mark. All in all it can be said that the combination â€Å"Appearance/presentation† and â€Å"General Satisfaction† are the relation which the probands of the questionnaire valued most equally. Mostly all of them had the same opinion about this proportion and have experienced it in a similar way. On the other hand â€Å"Language† and â€Å"General Satisfaction† though is the relation which was assessed most differently. The people who filled out the questionnaire had therefore all a different opinion about this combination. Figure 1: Visualization of the four significant variables In the end it can be said that the reason why the sub dimensions â€Å"average spending per person† and the â€Å"gender of sever† were not involved in the analysis is that both criteria didn’t give enough information for a meaningful and helpful conclusion. Discussion In the chapter of â€Å"Discussion† the findings of the literature review, the results of the questionnaire and therefore also the answer of the three sub questions will be discussed in detail. In the end a few limitations and recommendations on the process and procedure of the research will be named. Students of the Stenden hogeschool carried out a research study about staff quality. All of the students had to form groups and visit a restaurant of their choice. During the visit a questionnaire had to be filled out. This questionnaire consisted of several variables which belong to the topic â€Å"staff quality† like â€Å"Hygiene†, â€Å"General Behaviour† or â€Å"knowledge of the staff†. Those sub dimensions had to be assessed with the help of a likert scale from 1 to 10, whereat 10 meant â€Å"excellent†. After all that, each group had to formulate a main and three or four sub questions concerning staff quality and guest satisfaction. With the help of those questions the results of the questionnaire had to be analyzed. The main question of this paper was â€Å"Which sub dimensions of the staff quality influence the guest satisfaction†. For narrowing down this question a bit three sub questions were formulated. Those sub questions are â€Å"Does the behavior of staff members influence the guest satisfaction?†, â€Å"Does the Appearance of staff influence guest satisfaction?† and â€Å"Does the speed of staff has an influence on the guest satisfaction?†. In the result chapter it could be seen that especially five sub dimensions influence the thinking of the guests. One of these sub dimensions is â€Å"General Behaviour†. After it got taken in relation with â€Å"General Satisfaction† it was cognizable that the people who valued â€Å"General Behaviour† also assessed â€Å"General Satisfaction† almost with the same mark. The mode also showed that â€Å"General Behaviour† were valued from almost all of the probands with an 8 which means that all the staff members in the different restaurants behaved in the correct way. This finding expresses therefore that a good behaviour of the staff influences the g uest satisfaction in a positive way. It also reinforces the first sub question whether the behaviour of staff members influence the guest satisfaction. Also different researchers of the text â€Å"Validating Restaurant Service Quality Dimensions† which was edited in the Literature Review say that a friendly and polite behaviour of the staff members is very important for getting happy and satisfactory guest. The next sub question was about the sub dimension â€Å"Appearance and presentation of staff† and in how far it influences the satisfaction of guests. Concerning the results of the questionnaire, it is cognizable that also this variable influences the guest satisfaction. This conclusion was provable by looking at the relation of â€Å"Appearance/presentation† and â€Å"General Satisfaction†. The probands of the questionnaire had mostly the same opinion about the â€Å"Appearance and presentation of staff† as well as about the â€Å"General Satisfaction†. That means that when they have a special opinion about the first sub dimension they transfer it also to their overall satisfaction. In the mode the variable â€Å"Appearance/presentation† was assessed with a â€Å"7† which means that the majority of the participants were satisfied with this sub dimension. Also the â€Å"General Satisfaction† was valued with a high mark so it cou ld be said that the â€Å"Appearance and presentation of staff† influenced the satisfaction of the participants in a positive way too. In the literature review the author of the text â€Å"Gender Stereotypes and Service Quality in Customer – Waitperson Encounters† also said that the guests always pay attention to the appearance of the staff members. When they are not dressed adequate or looking cultivate people might think that the food they serve will also be dirty and contaminated. Because of this a neat outward appearance is important for making the guests feel comfortable and giving the feeling that everything is hygienic. Only when the guests feel comfortable they are satisfied and happy during and the restaurant visit. These findings confirmed therefore the second sub question whether the â€Å"Appearance and presentation of staff† influences the guest satisfaction. The last sub question dealt with the variable â€Å"speed of staff† and in how far it influences the guest satisfaction. In comparison to the other two sub dimensions, this variable showed another outcome. In the results it was cognizable that only a few of the participants of the questionnaire valued â€Å"speed of staff† with the same mark which means that they did not have the same opinion about this sub dimension. Whereas the first two variables were valued almost the same like â€Å"General Satisfaction†, â€Å"speed of staff† was assessed differently. Because of that this variable does not influence their overall satisfaction that much like â€Å"General Behaviour† and â€Å"Appearance and presentation of staff† These findings also answer the last sub question whether â€Å"speed of staff† influences the guest satisfaction. Although the text called â€Å"Validating Restaurant Service Quality Dimensions† which was worked on in the Literature Review had to be expressed that â€Å"speed of staff† is important for getting satisfactory guests, it seemed that this variable is not that relevant for the participants of this questionnaire. During the analysis of the results two limitations concerning the questionnaire appeared. The first limitation would be that it is not possible to find out which sub dimensions are most important for the guest satisfaction which is normally one of the most essential questions for interpreting in how far staff quality influences the overall satisfaction of guests within a restaurant. A recommendation would be to formulate another question at the bottom of the questionnaire concerning the importance of the sub dimens ions. With this question it would be possible to analyze which aspect is the most important one within staff quality. The second limitation is that only a few people were surveyed. The results would be more reliable if more groups would have had to fill out the questionnaire. It is only possible to formulate meaningful theses concerning a specific topic if a bigger group will be asked because only then it can be make sure that it is not a coincidence when a participant assesses a variable with a good or bad mark. When a bigger amount of probands value a variable with the same mark it is more probable that it really deserves this assessment. References Andersson, D., Mossberg. (2004). The dining experience: do restaurants satisfy customer needs?. Food Service Technology. 4, 171-177. Louh, Hsiang-Fei, Tsaur, Sheng-Hshiung. (2007). Gender Stereotypes and Service Quality in Customer – Waitperson Encounters. Total Quality Management. 18 (9), 1035-1054. Madanoglu, M. (2004). Validating Restaurant Service Quality Dimensions. Journal of Foodservice Business research. 7(4), 127-147. Tobin, R., Huffman, M.(?) . Examining the Impact of Service Times on Overall Guest Satisfaction Perception in the Casual Dining Environment. FIU Review. 24 (1), 42-48.

Ethics In The Criminal Justice System Philosophy Essay

Ethics In The Criminal Justice System Philosophy Essay The concept of good is the distinguishing feature of any act we call moral (Souryal,  2007,  p.  72). Our ethics are guided by our morals. The government and the criminal justice system must be fair, ethical and unbiased. They must work with a code of ethics. These codes of ethics will provide moral guidelines and professional standards of conduct (Souryal,  2007,  p.  111). Members of the criminal justice system have moral obligations and qualities that have to be met. The standards that they are held to are of the highest level and hold them to the obligations of honesty, fidelity, and duty (Souryal, 2007). This helps to explain the existence of social contract. According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2004) the social contract theory is the view that persons moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which the live (para. 1). This theory keeps people from being treated unjustly. It proposes that we are individuals with different identities, that we are equal, that we create society, and that acting human we can maintain that we are free and equal (Souryal, 2007). The social contract theory is known through three different people. They are Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and most importantly John Locke. Thomas Hobbes believed that there was a need for a central authority to settle conflicts and settle disputes. Entering into a social contract would help them to become a civil society. He felt that society was led by their emotions and that self-preservation would eventually lead to war. He felt that the only solution was to have a commonwealth ruled by a ruler or king and that is the only way that peace would be kept, justice served and happiness achieved (Souryal, 2007). Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that all men are created to be equal and therefore no one has the right to rule or judge another. He believes that every citizen should decide collectively on how to live together and what laws should be enacted. He also noted that the citizens must live in close areas. If they are spread out so they cannot meet on a regular basis this social contract would not work. He believed that society most invoke their free will and constitute themselves politically. This would be good for society both individually and collectively (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2004). John Locke used some of Hobbess theory but built upon it to make it a greater society contract. He believed in liberalism and a more liberal form of government. He wanted group economic and prosperity and disliked anything that did not fall under those guidelines. He believed and had trust in societys moral judgment and felt as if the government should only be used to settle extreme disputes . He believed that natural law was a way to freedom, market economy, commerce and happiness. He proposed separation of powers and a system of checks and balances (Souryal, 2007). So there we have three different theories to the social contracts. We have Hobbess idea that we should be ruled by a ruler or a king, Rousseaus idea that we should all rule ourselves and make our own laws, and Lockes idea of liberalism which is what society is built on today. The key principles of Lockes social contract are economics and limited rule for the government. Locke believed that society should have free commerce and be able market the economy as they see fit. They should be able to obtain their wealth through a free economical society. The government should setup and pass the laws for society but in doing so not infringe on societies freedom. The government should uphold those laws and administer punishment to anyone that breaks those laws. Societies freedom should come first and foremost in the eyes of the government when passing laws or dealing out punishment. Lockes principles were used within the Bill of Rights. He believed that even though there was a government to help to run our society he felt that an individuals freedom should be sacrificed for this government. Freedom of religion, freedom to assemble, and freedom of speech and press are freedoms of society and therefore should not be taken away and within the bill of rights it states that no law should be passed to take these freedoms away. A regulated militia shall not overshadow the freedom and right to bear arms. The freedom to protect their homes from against unreasonable searches and seizures, a speedy trial, non-excessive bail, and trial by a jury of their peers also follows Lockes principles. The government will not act upon their own but only by the power that the Constitution allows them (U.S. Bill of Rights, n.d.). Lockes principles play a role in the criminal justice system. His idea that an individuals freedom must not be infringed upon is one of the most important in the criminal justice system. The rights of citizens must not be violated even as they are being arrested for breaking the laws setup by the government. An individual must not be held for an indefinite time before they stand trial for the crimes they are accused of. An individuals privacy must not be violated. All paperwork must be in order if they are to be observed or search and seizure of any properties. Private security firms are not held to the same standards as our criminal justice system. They do not require all of the paperwork that the justice system does. They can use survelience equipment that cannot be used by the justice system. Private security firms are not held to the same moral and ethical standards that the criminal justice system is. The criminal justice system must follow strict guidelines that make sure that they do not violate a citizens rights. They cannot lie and cheat to make the case. This is not the same rules that private security has to follow they can use all means possible to get the job done. Natural law is the law of humanity. Human reason is what natural law is based upon and supercedes legislative law. It is the moral obligations of human beings. The fundamentals of the natural law is used in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. These rights state that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights; everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person; no one shall be subjected to slavery or servitude; no one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; everyone is equal before the law; everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion; and everyone is entitled to all of the rights and freedoms set forth in the declaration (Souryal, 2007, p. 87). According to Souryal (2007), there are natural law principles that restrict state power. They are governments shall not deprive anyone of liberty or citizenship; governments shall not banish individuals; governments shall not disallo w habeas corpus; and governments shall not arbitrarily deprive anyone of property (p. 87). These are freedoms that individuals were born with and have the right to practice. The natural laws are things that the governments have no right to infringe upon. Freedom does not give an individual the right to break the law to justify their means. An individual must live by ethical standards and obligations just as the criminal justice system must follow the same standards and obligations. Criminal jusctice systems have standards and obligations that they have to follow. The members of the system has to follow the law and be fair and unbiased at the same time. They must protect society and their rights. Individuals have their rights and freedoms set down by the bill of rights. They have the freedom of speech but this does not mean that they have the right to harm someone elses reputation. They have the right to bear arms but this does not mean that they have the right to shoot and wound or kill someone else. They have freedom of religion which means that everyone has the right to choose what religion they want to practice without being condemned for it. These are all personal rights that require some ethics to practice them properly. Lockes ideas concerning liberalism could have been thought as being too idealistic. Without these ideas it would have been a possibility that the idea of liberty and free enterprise in the world today would not have been possible. Many of Lockes principles were used in forming the Declaration of Independence. As a result we as a nation are free and prosperous today (Souryal, 2007).

The Mood and Image in Poetry :: essays research papers

The Mood and Image in Poetry â€Å"This afternoon was the colour of water falling through sunlight; the trees glittered with the tumbling of leaves; The sidewalks shone like alleys of dropped maple leaves; And the houses ran along them laughing out of square; Open windows† (Lowell 185). This quote, taken out of Amy Lowell’s poem â€Å"September 1918,† illustrates the ability of the author to be very descriptive in order to give the reader an image of where she is and what is surrounding her. Through this poem she also give's the reader a sense of being there as well. Another author that resembles Lowell is Emily Dickinson. In Dickinson’s poem "I heard a Fly buzz-when I died" she says, â€Å"I heard a Fly buzz-when I died- The Stillness in the Room Was like the stillness in the Air- Between the Heaves of Storm† (Dickinson 1202). Like Lowell, Dickinson describes what she sees surrounding her, and by saying that she was dead in her poem she provides the reader the a bility to create a mental image of a person actually dead in a coffin. Also in her poem called â€Å"Because I could not Stop for Death† Dickinson says, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death- He kindly stopped for me- The Carriage held just but Ourselves and Immortality† (Dickinson 1206). In Dickinson’s second poem, she describes how death is taking her in its carriage to immortality. Making the reader create a picture of death actually taking her to infinity. In her first poem the mood that Dickinson sets up is one of quietness and stillness because she says that the room was so quiet and serene that she actually heard a fly buzz by. And in her second poem the mood that Dickinson sets up is one of sadness. Both Lowell and Dickinson, provide their readers with poems, which are both descriptive, making the reader's feel involved in what they are reading. Also through their poems they set up a mood to make the reader's understand what it would be like to be in that specific place and time. In â€Å"September 1918† Lowell writes about how she felt during World War I. As she is walking through the park she describes collecting leaves as a keepsake for old memories which she wishes reminded her of good times, instead of the bad times that the war had brought. She says, â€Å"Someday there will be no war.